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Transaction models depart from interaction models in two ways. On the one hand, they understand sending and responding as simultaneous processes. This can be used to describe how listeners use non-verbal communication, like body posture and facial expressions, to give some form of feedback. This way, they can signal whether they agree with the ...
Under pressure from Fisher, Barnard retracted his test in a published paper, [8] however many researchers prefer Barnard’s exact test over Fisher's exact test for analyzing 2 × 2 contingency tables, [9] since its statistics are more powerful for the vast majority of experimental designs, whereas Fisher’s exact test statistics are conservative, meaning the significance shown by its p ...
"The schools of transactional philosophy and psychology represent a relatively new approach to the ancient and perennial problems of perceiving and knowing," writes Phillips in the introduction. [6] He adds that the current thinking at the time of his writing was one that denied the uniqueness and human dignity of all people.
In transactional analysis, the communicator is taught to alter the ego state as a way to solve emotional problems. The method deviates from Freudian psychoanalysis, which focuses on increasing awareness of the contents of subconsciously held ideas. Eric Berne developed the concept and paradigm of transactional analysis in the late 1950s. [2]
This way, the communicators interpret all kinds of cues to reduce the ambiguity of the situation. [3] [25] An important aspect of the different types of cues is that they can be transferred from one type into another type. For example, a private cue in the form of thought is transferred into a verbal behavioral cue when it is expressed in speech.
In the early reception, the term "Lasswell's formula" was commonly used instead by scholars interested in describing and classifying acts of communication. However, many subsequent theorists rejected this terminology since the term "formula" seems to miss part of the significance and applications.
The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the first models of communication. Initially published in the 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", it explains communication in terms of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source produces the original message.
The math in German psychology is mainly applied in sensory and psychophysics. Ernst Weber (1795–1878) created the first mathematical law of the mind, Weber's law, based on a variety of experiments. Gustav Fechner (1801–1887) contributed theories in sensations and perceptions and one of them is the Fechner's law, which modifies Weber's law.