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Chloroplasts, containing thylakoids, visible in the cells of Rosulabryum capillare, a type of moss. A chloroplast (/ ˈ k l ɔːr ə ˌ p l æ s t,-p l ɑː s t /) [1] [2] is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
Chloroplasts develop from proplastids when seedlings emerge from the ground. Thylakoid formation requires light. In the plant embryo and in the absence of light, proplastids develop into etioplasts that contain semicrystalline membrane structures called prolamellar bodies. When exposed to light, these prolamellar bodies develop into thylakoids.
A diagram depicting newly discovered molecules (PTOX and the NDH complex) as part of the chlororespiratory process in higher order plants like Rosa Meillandina. In the year 2002, the discovery of the molecules; plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) and NDH complexes have revolutionised the concept of chlororespiration. [ 2 ]
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts in organisms that underwent secondary endosymbiosis , such as the euglenids and ...
Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants. Originally, it included plant morphology , the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century, plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure.
English: Diagram of chloroplast replication. Sources: 1—The Plant Cell—A Plant-Specific Dynamin-Related Protein Forms a Ring at the Chloroplast Division Site. 2—Traffic—Chloroplast Division. 3—Journal of Cell Science—DNA replication in chloroplasts
The structure and function of cytochrome b 6 f (in chloroplasts) is very similar to cytochrome bc 1 (Complex III in mitochondria). Both are transmembrane structures that remove electrons from a mobile, lipid-soluble electron carrier (plastoquinone in chloroplasts; ubiquinone in mitochondria) and transfer them to a mobile, water-soluble electron ...
Palisade cells contain a high concentration of chloroplasts, particularly in the upper portion of the cell, making them the primary site of photosynthesis in the leaves of plants that contain them. Their vacuole also aids in this function: it is large and central, pushing the chloroplasts to the edge of the cell, maximising the absorption of ...