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Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide that can be administered in this manner. IN delivery methods are gaining popularity due to the non-invasive nature of the method. IN generally does not require complicated sterile preparations, is relatively painless, and often can be administered quickly by a medical doctor, or in some cases the patient.
Synthetic oxytocin, sold under the brand name Pitocin among others, is a medication made from the peptide oxytocin. [6] [7] As a medication, it is used to cause contraction of the uterus to start labor, increase the speed of labor, and to stop bleeding following delivery. [6]
Oxytocin/ergometrine (trade name Syntometrine) is an obstetric combination drug. The components are synthetically produced oxytocin, a human hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and ergometrine, an alpha-adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonin (5-HT 2) receptor agonist. Both substances cause the uterus to contract.
Oxytocin is the most commonly used agent for labor induction. It is given intravenously since it is easily degraded by the body if given orally. While giving oxytocin, it is important to monitor the mother and the fetus, specifically the mother's uterine activity and the fetal heart rate.
The number of these receptors increases during pregnancy and with labor. There are also more in the fundus than in the lower uterine segment. [22] Oxytocin has a quick onset of action, within a few minutes, but also loses effectiveness quickly because of a short half-life. The medicine is given in a rapid infusion and may cause hypotension.
For example, when oxytocin is released during a contraction of the uterus at the start of childbirth, this stimulates production and release of more oxytocin and an increase in the duration, intensity and frequency of contractions. This process compounds in intensity and frequency and continues until the triggering activity ceases.
Failure to progress occurs when the labor process slows or stops entirely, indicated by slowed cervical dilation. [3] Factors that place a woman's pregnancy at higher risk include advanced maternal age, Premature Rupture of Membranes and induction of labor. [17] Pitocin, a synthetic version of oxytocin, is often administered to induce labour.
Drugs, such as intraumbilical or intravenous oxytocin, are often used in the management of placental retention. [4] It is useful ensuring the bladder is empty. [2] However, ergometrine should not be given as it causes tonic uterine contractions which may delay placental expulsion. [2]