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The idea that fundus can and should correspond to a combining form fundo-drives the formation of an alternate form, fundoscopy (fundo-+ -scopy), which is the subject of a descriptive-versus-prescriptive difference in acceptance.
Medical signs that can be detected from observation of eye fundus (generally by funduscopy) include hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, blood vessel abnormalities (tortuosity, pulsation and new vessels) and pigmentation. [3] Arteriolar constriction, seen as "silver wiring", and vascular tortuosities are seen in hypertensive retinopathy.
Fundus photographs without an interpretation are seen as obsolete. The records should be legible, and contain suitable patient information and clinician details. The interpretation of fundus photographs that are glaucomatous must contain a description of the vertical and horizontal cup to disc ratio, vessel pattern, diffuse or focal pallor ...
The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends comprehensive eye examinations, including dilated fundus examination, for asymptomatic patients without risk factors for eye disease at varying frequencies based on age: every 5–10 years in adults under 40 years, every 2–4 years in adults aged 40 to 54 years, every 1–3 years in adults aged ...
For example, retinoblastoma, a neuroblastic tumor that can cause a dampened or even white reflex, occurs in 1 in every 20,000 children. [4] Regardless of the effectiveness, it is a fast, inexpensive , and noninvasive exam that could identify ocular pathology which with early identification can alter the course of the disease.
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Cotton wool spots have become one of the hallmarks of pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, a condition caused by damaged blood vessels in the retina due to high blood sugar. [10] Abundant cotton wool spots are also found in hypertensive retinopathy , including malignant hypertension , where the white patches are a result of a microvascular ...
The hole represents the cup and the surrounding area the disc. If the cup fills 1/10 of the disc, the ratio will be 0.1. If it fills 7/10 of the disc, the ratio is 0.7. The normal cup-to-disc ratio is less than 0.5. A large cup-to-disc ratio may imply glaucoma or other pathology. [3] However, cupping by itself is not indicative of glaucoma.