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Consistent with role congruity theory, Winocour, Schoen and Sirowatka (1989) [11] found ratings of male professors were not dependent on their lecture style. However, female students were more favorable of a female professor with a discussion-based lecture style and male students only preferred female professor who focused on providing information.
Another limitation supported by the social-pressure hypothesis of belief congruence theory is that in environments where prejudice is institutionalised or socially accepted, belief congruence does not apply, and prejudice simply becomes a matter of ethnic group membership, as found in empirical evidence from relevant studies.
Proposed by Osgood and Tannebaum, the principle of congruity claims that attitude change always results in increased congruity for the individual. Compared to balance theory, congruity theory allows for gradations of relation between elements and introduces a formula to quantitatively predict attitude change. [8]
This theory, however, has been criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds and remains controversial. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] In 2005, scientific research investigating sex differences in psychology showed that gender expectations and stereotype threat affect behavior, and a person's gender identity can develop as early as three years of age. [ 33 ]
The theory of categorical conception argues that mood-congruence of current affective states and memory recall are subject to attentional strengths and deficits in category matching. [1] Instead of all emotions being either negative or positive, as represented in the theory of valence, emotions are seen as distinct categories.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is seeking to withdraw all papers involving its researchers that are being considered for publication by external scientific journals to allow ...
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The above explanation for self-branding can be summarized by Sirgy's self-congruity theory. [5] It is proposed that consumer behavior is partially determined by the similarity between consumers' psychological comparisons of the brand-user-image.