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Diagram of a high-pressure sodium lamp A high-pressure sodium lamp, Philips Master SDW-T 100W. Various types of chemistry are used in the arc tubes of HID lamps, depending on the desired characteristics of light intensity, correlated color temperature, color rendering index (CRI), energy efficiency, and lifespan.
This can be used to image magnetic [14] [15] and electric fields [16] in materials. While the beam deflection mechanism through the Lorentz force is the most intuitive way of understanding DPC, a quantum mechanical approach is necessary to understand the phase-shift generated by the electromagnetic fields through the Aharonov–Bohm effect. [14]
The MOT cloud is loaded from a background of thermal vapour, or from an atomic beam, usually slowed down to the capture velocity using a Zeeman slower. However, the trapping potential in a magneto-optical trap is small in comparison to thermal energies of atoms and most collisions between trapped atoms and the background gas supply enough ...
An exploded-view drawing is a diagram, picture, schematic or technical drawing of an object, that shows the relationship or order of assembly of various parts. [1]It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance, or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-dimensional exploded diagram.
Atomic beam is special case of particle beam; it is the collimated flux (beam) of neutral atoms. The imaging systems using the slow atomic beams can use the Fresnel zone plate (Fresnel diffraction lens) of a Fresnel diffraction mirror as focusing element. The imaging system with atomic beam could provide the sub-micrometre resolution.
A photograph showing two Fulton MX-991/U Flashlights, next to an unofficial reproduction and a standard angle-head flashlight. The MX-991/U Flashlight (aka GI Flashlight, Army flashlight, or Moonbeam [1]) from the TL-122 military flashlight series of 1937-1944 and is a development of the MX-99/U flashlight issued in 1963 [clarification needed].
A diagram showing how a scanning helium microscope works. A beam is formed by a gas expansion and collimation through a skimmer and pinhole. The beam is then incident on the sample, where the gas is scattered and collected through a detector aperture. The scattered gas is then detected using a mass spectrometer.
As the diagram on the right shows, the gallium (Ga+) primary ion beam hits the sample surface and sputters a small amount of material, which leaves the surface as either secondary ions (i+ or i−) or neutral atoms (n 0). The primary beam also produces secondary electrons (e −). As the primary beam rasters on the sample surface, the signal ...