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A cystocele protruding through the vagina in a 73-year-old woman. The cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a medical condition in which a woman's bladder bulges into her vagina. [1] [5] Some may have no symptoms. [6] Others may have trouble starting urination, urinary incontinence, or frequent urination. [1]
For posterior vaginal repair, the use of mesh or graft material does not seem to provide any benefits. [14] Compared to native tissue repair, transvaginal permanent mesh likely reduces the perception of vaginal prolapse sensation, the risk of recurrent prolapse, and of having repeat surgery specifically only for prolapse.
It is the surgical intervention for both cystocele (protrusion of the urinary bladder into the vagina) and rectocele (protrusion of the rectum into the vagina). [citation needed] The repair may be to either or both of the anterior (front) or posterior (rear) vaginal walls, thus the origin of some of its alternative names. [1] [2] [3]
Surgery can be done to correct rectocele when symptoms continue despite the use of non-surgical management, and are significant enough to interfere with activities of daily living. [ 8 ] Surgery to correct the rectocele may involve the reattachment of the muscles that previously supported the pelvic floor. [ 1 ]
Vaginal inclusion cysts can appear as small bumps and can develop during childbirth, or after surgery. [8] A squamous inclusion cyst can rarely be found in a newborn. [7] Other cysts can be Bartholin's cysts, Gartner's duct cysts, mucous inclusions, epithelial inclusion cysts, embryonic cysts and urothelial cysts.
A rectal prolapse occurs when walls of the rectum have prolapsed to such a degree that they protrude out of the anus and are visible outside the body. [2] However, most researchers agree that there are 3 to 5 different types of rectal prolapse, depending on whether the prolapsed section is visible externally, and whether the full or only partial thickness of the rectal wall is involved.
In major injuries, the repair mechanisms are unable to restore the skin to its original condition. The repaired region contains an abnormally large number of collagenous fibers, and relatively few blood vessels. Damaged sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, muscle cells, and nerves are seldom repaired.
The enterocele can remain confined in the space between the rectum and the vagina. [5] An enterocele may co-exist with a rectocele. [5] During defecation, the enterocele may occupy a posterior colpocele before the rectocele or after it empties. [5] An enterocele may also co-exist with a cystocele. [5]