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Robert Dicke, in 1957, developed a VSL theory of gravity, a theory in which (unlike general relativity) the speed of light measured locally by a free-falling observer could vary. [7] Dicke assumed that both frequencies and wavelengths could vary, which since c = ν λ {\displaystyle c=\nu \lambda } resulted in a relative change of c .
Modern experiments of the de Sitter type refute the idea that light might travel at a speed that was partially dependent on the velocity of the emitter (c'=c + kv), where the emitter's velocity v can be positive or negative, and k is a factor between 0 and 1, denoting the extent to which the speed of light depends on the source velocity.
In 1992, John Moffat proposed that the speed of light was much larger in the early universe, in which the speed of light had a value of more than 10 30 km/s. [2] He published his " variable speed of light " (VSL) theory in two places—on the Los Alamos National Laboratory's (LANL) online archive, 16 Nov. 1992, [ 4 ] and in a 1993 edition of ...
This led Alhazen to propose that light must have a finite speed, [130] [133] [134] and that the speed of light is variable, decreasing in denser bodies. [134] [135] He argued that light is substantial matter, the propagation of which requires time, even if this is hidden from the senses. [136]
is the speed of light (i.e. phase velocity) in a medium with permeability μ, and permittivity ε, and ∇ 2 is the Laplace operator. In a vacuum, v ph = c 0 = 299 792 458 m/s, a fundamental physical constant. [1] The electromagnetic wave equation derives from Maxwell's equations.
It’s no secret, Albert Einstein was a bonafide genius, but even geniuses get it wrong sometimes.
12 Notes. 13 References. ... and a sufficiently complete theory of matter could in principle account for the evidence. ... Variable speed of light; Notes
They set a limit on the anisotropy of the speed of light resulting from the Earth's motions of Δc/c ≈ 10 −15, where Δc is the difference between the speed of light in the x- and y-directions. [33] As of 2015, optical and microwave resonator experiments have improved this limit to Δc/c ≈ 10 −18.