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[15] [16] [17] A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management, is a set of firms who move materials "forward", [18] or a set of organizations, directly linked by one or more upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, or information from a source to a customer. Supply chain management is the management of such a chain.
In 1981, Apache Corporation formed the United States' first MLP, Apache Petroleum Company (APC). Apache’s success drew other oil and gas companies to the MLP structure. Real estate companies soon followed, and by the mid-1980s, MLPs became so popular that they were adopted in a variety of industries, such as restaurants, hotels and cable TV.
There are a variety of supply-chain models, which address both the upstream and downstream elements of supply-chain management (SCM). The SCOR ( Supply-Chain Operations Reference ) model, developed by a consortium of industry and the non-profit Supply Chain Council (now part of APICS ) became the cross-industry de facto standard defining the ...
Activity-based costing was first clearly defined in 1987 by Robert S. Kaplan and W. Bruns as a chapter in their book Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective. [8] They initially focused on manufacturing industry where increasing technology and productivity improvements have reduced the relative proportion of the direct costs of ...
In the FIFO example above, the company (Foo Co.), using LIFO accounting, would expense the cost associated with the first 75 units at $59, 125 more units at $55, and the remaining 10 units at $50. Under LIFO, the total cost of sales for November would be $11,800. The ending inventory would be calculated the following way:
Switching cost and product differentiation : based on a new insight that pricing incentive choice of a downstream producer may change by vertical integration, downstream firms are more likely to switch to a different supplier if the investment by firms in a particular relationship is low, or if the input market is similar to the spot market. In ...
Almost any type of organization or unit in society can be an economic entity. Examples of economic entities in accounting are hospitals, companies, municipalities, and federal agencies. The "Economic entity assumption" states that the activities of the entity are to be kept separate from the activities of its owner and all other economic ...
For example, a manufacturer might require its parts suppliers to be located nearby its assembly plant to minimize the cost of transportation. By exploiting the upstream and downstream information flowing along the value chain, the firms may try to bypass the intermediaries creating new business models , or in other ways create improvements in ...