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Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An instrument ( bronchoscope ) is inserted into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy .
Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is a complete evaluation of the respiratory system including patient history, physical examinations, and tests of pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary function testing is to identify the severity of pulmonary impairment. [1]
Pulmonology (/ ˌ p ʌ l m ə ˈ n ɒ l ə dʒ i /, / ˌ p ʊ l m ə ˈ n ɒ l ə dʒ i /, from Latin pulmō, -ōnis "lung" and the Greek suffix -λογία-logía "study of"), pneumology (/ n ʊ ˈ m ɒ l ə dʒ i, n j ʊ-/, built on Greek πνεύμων pneúmōn "lung") or pneumonology [1] (/ n ʊ m ə n ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i, n j ʊ-/) is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving ...
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), also known as bronchoalveolar washing, is a diagnostic method of the lower respiratory system in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into an appropriate airway in the lungs, with a measured amount of fluid introduced and then collected for examination.
The Bioelectromagnetics group at University College Cork has developed a novel low-cost tracking system for use in electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy. [17] The group is also collaborating with the Surgical Planning Laboratory at Harvard Medical School to develop the world's first open-source virtual bronchoscopy module to be implemented in ...
Bronchial brushing is a procedure in which cells are taken from the inside of the airway mucosa or bronchial lesions through catheter-based brushing under direct visualization or fluoroscopic guidance.
Bleeding can be life-threatening and can occur in 1 to 4%. [8] Rarely, intercostal artery can be injured when biopsy needle is punctured through the back, due to variations in the course of the artery during its first 6 cm from the spine when emerged from the midline vessels such as costocervical trunk of subclavian artery and descending ...
[2] The carina occurs at the lower end of the trachea - usually at the level of the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebra . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] This is in line with the sternal angle , but the carina may raise or descend up to two vertebrae higher or lower with breathing .