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  2. Null coalescing operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_coalescing_operator

    The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator ...

  3. Safe navigation operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_navigation_operator

    Safe navigation operator. In object-oriented programming, the safe navigation operator (also known as optional chaining operator, safe call operator, null-conditional operator, null-propagation operator) is a binary operator that returns null if its first argument is null; otherwise it performs a dereferencing operation as specified by the ...

  4. Linked list - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_list

    A dynamic array is a data structure that allocates all elements contiguously in memory, and keeps a count of the current number of elements. If the space reserved for the dynamic array is exceeded, it is reallocated and (possibly) copied, which is an expensive operation. Linked lists have several advantages over dynamic arrays.

  5. C Sharp (programming language) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)

    The Ecma standard lists these design goals for C#: [17] The language is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. The language, and implementations thereof, should provide support for software engineering principles such as strong type checking, array bounds checking, [20]: 58–59 detection of attempts to use uninitialized variables, and automatic ...

  6. Comparison of C Sharp and Java - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java

    This article compares two programming languages: C# with Java. While the focus of this article is mainly the languages and their features, such a comparison will necessarily also consider some features of platforms and libraries. For a more detailed comparison of the platforms, see Comparison of the Java and .NET platforms. C# and Java are similar languages that are typed statically, strongly ...

  7. Null object pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_object_pattern

    C# is a language in which the null object pattern can be properly implemented. This example shows animal objects that display sounds and a NullAnimal instance used in place of the C# null keyword. The null object provides consistent behaviour and prevents a runtime null reference exception that would occur if the C# null keyword were used instead.

  8. Maximum subarray problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_subarray_problem

    Some properties of this problem are: If the array contains all non-negative numbers, then the problem is trivial; a maximum subarray is the entire array. If the array contains all non-positive numbers, then a solution is any subarray of size 1 containing the maximal value of the array (or the empty subarray, if it is permitted).

  9. Comparison of programming languages (associative array)

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming...

    This comparison of programming languages (associative arrays) compares the features of associative array data structures or array-lookup processing for over 40 computer programming languages .