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Although ppmv and grains per dscf have been used in the above examples, concentrations such as ppbv (i.e., parts per billion by volume), volume percent, grams per dscm and many others may also be used. 1 percent by volume = 10,000 ppmv (i.e., parts per million by volume).
As an example, a measured NO x concentration of 45 ppmv in a dry gas having 5 volume % O 2 is: 45 × ( 20.9 - 3 ) ÷ ( 20.9 - 5 ) = 50.7 ppmv of NO x. when corrected to a dry gas having a specified reference O 2 content of 3 volume %. Note: The measured gas concentration C m must first be corrected to a dry basis before using the above equation.
For example, the conversion factor between a mass fraction of 1 ppb and a mole fraction of 1 ppb is about 4.7 for the greenhouse gas CFC-11 in air (Molar mass of CFC-11 / Mean molar mass of air = 137.368 / 28.97 = 4.74). For volume fraction, the suffix "V" or "v" is sometimes appended to the parts-per notation (e.g. ppmV, ppbv, pptv).
The concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are expressed as parts per million by volume (abbreviated as ppmv, or ppm(v), or just ppm). To convert from the usual ppmv units to ppm mass (abbreviated as ppmm, or ppm(m)), multiply by the ratio of the molar mass of CO 2 to that of air, i.e. times 1.52 (44.01 divided by 28.96).
Composition of dry atmosphere, by volume [ note 1] [ note 2]; Gas (and others): Various [1]: CIPM-2007 [2]: ASHRAE [3]: Schlatter [4]: ICAO [5]: US StdAtm76 [6]: Tap ...
Some of the sinks of trace gases are chemical reactions in the atmosphere, mainly with the OH radical, gas-to-particle conversion forming aerosols, wet deposition and dry deposition. [1] Other sinks include microbiological activity in soils. Below is a chart of several trace gases including their abundances, atmospheric lifetimes, sources, and ...
Prior to the 1950s, measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations had been taken on an ad hoc basis at a variety of locations. In 1938, engineer and amateur meteorologist Guy Stewart Callendar compared datasets of atmospheric CO 2 from Kew in 1898–1901, which averaged 274 parts per million by volume (), [4] and from the eastern United States in 1936–1938, which averaged 310 ppmv, and ...
Million standard cubic feet per day is a unit of measurement for gases that is predominantly used in the United States.It is frequently abbreviated MMSCFD. MMSCFD is commonly used as a measure of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas and other gases that are extracted, processed or transported in large quantities.
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