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  2. List of caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caliphs

    A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.

  3. List of Abbasid caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs

    The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7. Bobrick, Benson (2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1416567622. Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A. J. (1993).

  4. List of Muslim states and dynasties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and...

    This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.

  5. Caliphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate

    A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...

  6. List of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_involving...

    This is the list of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate ranked chronologically from 632, with the first caliph Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, to the last caliph in 661, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Here is a legend to facilitate the reading of the outcomes of the battles below:

  7. List of Fatimid caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs

    This is a list of an Arab dynasty, the Shi'ite caliphs of the Fatimid dynasty (909–1171). The Shi'ite caliphs were also regarded at the same time as the imams of the Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam. #

  8. Category:Caliphates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Caliphates

    Pages in category "Caliphates" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. ... Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam; O. Ottoman Caliphate; R.

  9. Arab–Byzantine wars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–Byzantine_wars

    The Arab–Byzantine wars or Muslim–Byzantine wars were a series of wars from the 7th to 11th centuries between multiple Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire. The Muslim Arab Caliphates conquered large parts of the Christian Byzantine empire and unsuccessfully attacked the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. The frontier between the ...