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Geodesics on the sphere are great circles, circles whose center coincides with the center of the sphere. Any two distinct points on a sphere that are not antipodal (diametrically opposite) both lie on a unique great circle, which the points separate into two arcs; the length of the shorter arc is the great-circle distance between the points.
Some instances of the smallest bounding circle. The smallest-circle problem (also known as minimum covering circle problem, bounding circle problem, least bounding circle problem, smallest enclosing circle problem) is a computational geometry problem of computing the smallest circle that contains all of a given set of points in the Euclidean plane.
If we draw a sphere with the center on the plane, then the intersection of the sphere and the plane is a circle, called the "trace" ; the intersection of the normal line and the sphere is the pole. A single pole is not enough to fully determine the orientation of an object: the pole stays the same if we apply a rotation around the normal line.
The haversine formula determines the great-circle distance between two points on a sphere given their longitudes and latitudes.Important in navigation, it is a special case of a more general formula in spherical trigonometry, the law of haversines, that relates the sides and angles of spherical triangles.
If the radius of the sphere is denoted by r and the height of the cap by h, the volume of the spherical sector is =.. This may also be written as = (), where φ is half the cone angle, i.e., φ is the angle between the rim of the cap and the direction to the middle of the cap as seen from the sphere center.
Considered extrinsically, as a hypersurface embedded in (+) -dimensional Euclidean space, an -sphere is the locus of points at equal distance (the radius) from a given center point. Its interior , consisting of all points closer to the center than the radius, is an ( n + 1 ) {\displaystyle (n+1)} -dimensional ball .
The octant of a sphere is a spherical triangle with three right angles.. Spherical trigonometry is the branch of spherical geometry that deals with the metrical relationships between the sides and angles of spherical triangles, traditionally expressed using trigonometric functions.
If the circle packing is on the plane, or, equivalently, on the sphere, then its intersection graph is called a coin graph; more generally, intersection graphs of interior-disjoint geometric objects are called tangency graphs or contact graphs. Coin graphs are always connected, simple, and planar. The circle packing theorem states that these ...