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They described this membrane-like barrier as a "saclike structure surrounded by a membrane and containing acid phosphatase." [18] It became clear that this enzyme from the cell fraction came from membranous fractions, which were definitely cell organelles, and in 1955 De Duve named them "lysosomes" to reflect their digestive properties. [19]
Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) also known as lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 and CD107a (Cluster of Differentiation 107a), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMP1 gene. The human LAMP1 gene is located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 13 at region 3, band 4 (13q34).
LAMP3 is a Type I integral membrane protein consisting of about 416 amino acid residues with about 90% of the protein located within the lumen of the lysosomes. [9] LAMP3 has been shown to be highly expressed in dendritic cells during cell differentiation and maturation. [7]
Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), also known as CD107b (Cluster of Differentiation 107b) and Mac-3, is a human gene. Its protein, LAMP2, is one of the lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins .
CD68 (also called gp110 or macrosialin) [5] is a heavily glycosylated integral membrane protein whose structure consists of a mucin-like domain followed by a proline-rich hinge; a single LAMP-like domain; a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail. CD molecules are leucocyte antigens on cell surfaces.
The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and like that structure, features ribosomes attached to the surface. The outer membrane is also continuous with the inner nuclear membrane since the two layers are fused together at numerous tiny holes called nuclear pores that perforate the nuclear envelope.
Transport from late endosomes to lysosomes is, in essence, unidirectional, since a late endosome is "consumed" in the process of fusing with a lysosome (sometimes called endolysosome [23] [24]).Hence, soluble molecules in the lumen of endosomes will tend to end up in lysosomes, unless they are retrieved in some way.
The endocytic pathway of mammalian cells consists of distinct membrane compartments, which internalize molecules from the plasma membrane and recycle them back to the surface (as in early endosomes and recycling endosomes), or sort them to degradation (as in late endosomes and lysosomes). The principal components of the endocytic pathway are: [3]