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There were many kingdoms and empires in all regions of the continent of Africa throughout history. A kingdom is a state with a king or queen as its head. [1] An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant centre and subordinate peripheries".
European exploration of sub-Saharan Africa begins with the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, pioneered by the Kingdom of Portugal under Henry the Navigator. The Cape of Good Hope was first reached by Bartolomeu Dias on 12 March 1488, opening the important sea route to India and the Far East , but European exploration of Africa itself ...
Located on the Niger River to the west of Ghana in what is today Niger and Mali, it reached its peak in the 1350s, but had lost control of a number of vassal states by 1400. [1] The most powerful of these states was the Songhai Empire, which expanded rapidly beginning with king Sonni Ali in the 1460s.
Between around 3000 BC and 1000 AD, the Bantu expansion swept from north-western Central Africa (modern day Cameroon) across much of sub-Saharan Africa, laying the foundations for states in Central, Eastern, and Southern regions. [3] In most African societies the oral word is revered, and as such they have generally recorded their history orally.
These cities not only facilitated the flow of goods but also became melting pots of diverse cultures, blending African, Arab, Persian, and Indian influences into a unique Swahili culture. The Sahara Desert, while a formidable natural barrier, also served as a critical conduit for trans-Saharan trade. Caravans of camels, often termed the "ships ...
Map of Southern Africa: Dark Green: Southern Africa (UN subregion) Green: Geographic, including above Light Green: Southern African Development Community (SADC) The history of Southern Africa has been divided into its prehistory, its ancient history, the major polities flourishing, the colonial period, and the post-colonial period, in which the current nations were formed.
Punt was a trade partner of Ancient Egypt and it is believed that it was located in modern-day Somalia, Djibouti or Eritrea. [4] Phoenician cities such as Carthage were part of the Mediterranean Iron Age and classical antiquity. Sub-Saharan Africa developed more or less independently in those times. [citation needed]
Throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, genetic adaptation (e.g., rs334 mutation, Duffy blood group, increased rates of G6PD deficiency, sickle cell disease) to malaria has been found among Sub-Saharan Africans, which may have initially developed in 7300 BP. [132] Sub-Saharan Africans have more than 90% of the Duffy-null genotype. [149]