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Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. [ 1]
An origin of transfer ( oriT) is a short sequence ranging from 40-500 base pairs in length [1] [2] that is necessary for the transfer of DNA from a gram-negative bacterial donor to recipient during bacterial conjugation. [3] [4] [5] The transfer of DNA is a critical component for antimicrobial resistance within bacterial cells [6] and the oriT ...
Bacterial cellular morphologies are the shapes that are characteristic of various types of bacteria and often key to their identification. Their direct examination under a light microscope enables the classification of these bacteria (and archaea ). Generally, the basic morphologies are spheres (coccus) and round-ended cylinders or rod shaped ...
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [ 1] It was first proposed as a physical theory in 1931 by Roman Catholic priest and physicist Georges Lemaître when he suggested the universe emerged from a "primeval atom". Various cosmological models of the Big ...
Giant axons of the longfin inshore squid ( Doryteuthis pealeii) were crucial for scientists to understand the action potential. [ 1] Biomimetics or biomimicry is the emulation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. [ 2][ 3][ 4] The terms "biomimetics" and "biomimicry" are derived from ...
Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. [ 1] The word crystallography is derived from the Ancient Greek word κρύσταλλος ( krústallos; "clear ice, rock-crystal"), and γράφειν ( gráphein; "to write"). [ 2] In July 2012, the United Nations recognised ...
The prevailing model of atomic structure before Rutherford's experiments was devised by J. J. Thomson. [1]: 123 Thomson had discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays [2] and between 1897 and 1904 he developed a model for atoms containing electrons arranged in concentric shells. To explain why atoms are electrically neutral, he ...
The double-helix model of DNA structure was first published in the journal Nature by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, [6] (X,Y,Z coordinates in 1954 [7]) based on the work of Rosalind Franklin and her student Raymond Gosling, who took the crucial X-ray diffraction image of DNA labeled as "Photo 51", [8] [9] and Maurice Wilkins, Alexander Stokes, and Herbert Wilson, [10] and base-pairing ...