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2. Abbe refractometer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbe_refractometer

   Ernst Abbe(1840–1905), working for Carl Zeiss AGin Jena, Germany in the late 19th century, was the first to develop a laboratory refractometer. These first instruments had built-in thermometers and required circulating water to control instrument and fluid temperatures. They also had adjustments for eliminating the effects of dispersionand ...

3. Ernst Abbe - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Abbe

   Ernst Abbe. Ernst Karl Abbe HonFRMS (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German businessman, optical engineer, physicist, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he developed numerous optical instruments. He was also a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of scientific microscopes, astronomical ...

4. Traditional handheld refractometer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_handheld...

   A traditional handheld refractometer is an analog instrument for measuring a liquid's refractive index. It works on the critical angle principle by which lenses and prisms project a shadow line onto a small glass reticle inside the instrument, which is then viewed by the user through a magnifying eyepiece. In use, a sample is placed between a ...

5. Refractometer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractometer

   The refractometer is used to help identify gem materials by measuring their refractive index, one of the principal properties used in determining the type of a gemstone. Due to the dependence of the refractive index on the wavelength of the light used ( i.e. dispersion ), the measurement is normally taken at the wavelength of the sodium line D ...

6. Refractive index - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index

   A handheld refractometer used to measure the sugar content of fruits This type of device is commonly used in chemical laboratories for identification of substances and for quality control . Handheld variants are used in agriculture by, e.g., wine makers to determine sugar content in grape juice, and inline process refractometers are used in, e ...

7. Diffraction-limited system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited_system

   An optical instrument is said to be diffraction-limited if it has reached this limit of resolution performance. Other factors may affect an optical system's performance, such as lens imperfections or aberrations, but these are caused by errors in the manufacture or calculation of a lens, whereas the diffraction limit is the maximum resolution ...

8. Abbe number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbe_number

   Abbe number. In optics and lens design, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is an approximate measure of the material's dispersion (change of refractive index versus wavelength), with high values of V indicating low dispersion. It is named after Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), the German physicist ...

9. This 66-year-old works 11-hour days, has no savings, and ...

   www.aol.com/finance/66-old-works-11-hour...

   Maryann O'Connor, a single mom who adopted and raised three kids, envisioned a comfortable retirement. However, her reality tells a different story.