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2. Refractometer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractometer

   Gemstones are transparent minerals and can therefore be examined using optical methods. Refractive index is a material constant, dependent on the chemical composition of a substance. The refractometer is used to help identify gem materials by measuring their refractive index, one of the principal properties used in determining the type of a ...

3. Refractometry - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractometry

   A refractometer is the instrument used to measure refractive index ("RI"). Although refractometers are best known for measuring liquids, they are also used to measure gases and solids, such as glass and gemstones. The RI of a substance is strongly influenced by temperature and the wavelength of light used to measure it; therefore, care must be ...

4. Refractive index - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index

   Handheld variants are used in agriculture by, e.g., wine makers to determine sugar content in grape juice, and inline process refractometers are used in, e.g., chemical and pharmaceutical industry for process control. In gemology, a different type of refractometer is used to measure the index of refraction and birefringence of gemstones. The ...

5. Diamond simulant - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_simulant

   A diamond simulant, diamond imitation or imitation diamond is an object or material with gemological characteristics similar to those of a diamond. Simulants are distinct from synthetic diamonds, which are actual diamonds exhibiting the same material properties as natural diamonds.

6. Gemology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemology

   Gemology or gemmology is the science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materials. It is a geoscience and a branch of Stoneology and mineralogy. Some jewelers (and many non-jewelers) are academically trained gemologists and are qualified to identify and evaluate gems. [ 1][ 2] Examining a pink sapphire under a gemmological microscope.

7. Abbe refractometer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbe_refractometer

   Ernst Abbe(1840–1905), working for Carl Zeiss AGin Jena, Germany in the late 19th century, was the first to develop a laboratory refractometer. These first instruments had built-in thermometers and required circulating water to control instrument and fluid temperatures. They also had adjustments for eliminating the effects of dispersionand ...