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A blue circle, the symbol for diabetes. High blood sugar levels, autoantibodies targeting insulin-producing cells. Type 1 diabetes ( T1D ), formerly known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that originates when cells that make insulin (beta cells) are destroyed by the immune system. [ 5] Insulin is a hormone required for the cells ...
The World Health Organization definition of diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) is for a single raised glucose reading with symptoms, otherwise raised values on two occasions, of either: [74] fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or. with a glucose tolerance test, two hours after the oral dose a plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)
4.2 million (2019) [ 9] Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. [ 10][ 11] Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body becoming unresponsive to the hormone's effects. [ 12]
The condition known today as diabetes (usually referring to diabetes mellitus) is thought to have been described in the Ebers Papyrus ( c. 1550 BC ). Ayurvedic physicians (5th/6th century BC) first noted the sweet taste of diabetic urine, and called the condition madhumeha ("honey urine"). The term diabetes traces back to Demetrius of Apamea ...
Biomarkers of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a type of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. It is caused by either defected insulin secretion or damaged biological function, or both. The high-level blood glucose for a long time will lead to dysfunction of a variety of tissues. [ 1]
Diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. [ 1] Signs and symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, deep gasping breathing, increased urination, weakness, confusion and occasionally loss of consciousness. [ 1] A person's breath may develop a specific "fruity" smell. [ 1]
The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. This pathway is also influenced by fed versus fasting states, stress levels, and a variety of other hormones.
Beta cells ( β-cells) are specialized endocrine cells located within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans responsible for the production and release of insulin and amylin. [ 1] Constituting ~50–70% of cells in human islets, beta cells play a vital role in maintaining blood glucose levels. [ 2] Problems with beta cells can lead to disorders ...