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  2. Stratified randomization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified_randomization

    Graphic breakdown of stratified random sampling. In statistics, stratified randomization is a method of sampling which first stratifies the whole study population into subgroups with same attributes or characteristics, known as strata, then followed by simple random sampling from the stratified groups, where each element within the same subgroup are selected unbiasedly during any stage of the ...

  3. Stratification (clinical trials) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(clinical...

    Stratification (clinical trials) Stratification of clinical trials is the partitioning of subjects and results by a factor other than the treatment given. Stratification can be used to ensure equal allocation of subgroups of participants to each experimental condition. This may be done by gender, age, or other demographic factors.

  4. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel...

    Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics. In statistics, the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test ( CMH) is a test used in the analysis of stratified or matched categorical data. It allows an investigator to test the association between a binary predictor or treatment and a binary outcome such as case or control status while taking into account the ...

  5. Minimisation (clinical trials) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimisation_(clinical_trials)

    Minimisation is a method of adaptive stratified sampling that is used in clinical trials, as described by Pocock and Simon. [1] [2] The aim of minimisation is to minimise the imbalance between the number of patients in each treatment group over a number of factors. Normally patients would be allocated to a treatment group randomly and while ...

  6. Stratified sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified_sampling

    In statistics, stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population which can be partitioned into subpopulations . Stratified sampling example. In statistical surveys, when subpopulations within an overall population vary, it could be advantageous to sample each subpopulation ( stratum) independently.

  7. Resampling (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)

    The best example of the plug-in principle, the bootstrapping method. Bootstrapping is a statistical method for estimating the sampling distribution of an estimator by sampling with replacement from the original sample, most often with the purpose of deriving robust estimates of standard errors and confidence intervals of a population parameter like a mean, median, proportion, odds ratio ...

  8. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    Definition. Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model. Let X be some independent variable, and Y some dependent variable. To estimate the effect of X on Y, the statistician must suppress the effects of extraneous variables that influence both X and Y.

  9. Randomization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomization

    Randomization is a statistical process in which a random mechanism is employed to select a sample from a population or assign subjects to different groups. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The process is crucial in ensuring the random allocation of experimental units or treatment protocols, thereby minimizing selection bias and enhancing the statistical ...