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2. Standard Model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

   Elementary-particle masses and the differences between electromagnetism (mediated by the photon) and the weak force (mediated by the W and Z bosons) are critical to many aspects of the structure of microscopic (and hence macroscopic) matter. In electroweak theory, the Higgs boson generates the masses of the leptons (electron, muon, and tau) and ...

3. Particle physics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics

   Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons, while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics.

4. Elementary particle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle

   String theory is a model of physics whereby all "particles" that make up matter are composed of strings (measuring at the Planck length) that exist in an 11-dimensional (according to M-theory, the leading version) or 12-dimensional (according to F-theory [17]) universe. These strings vibrate at different frequencies that determine mass ...

5. Corpuscular theory of light - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpuscular_theory_of_light

   Corpuscular theory of light. In optics, the corpuscular theory of light states that light is made up of small discrete particles called "corpuscles" (little particles) which travel in a straight line with a finite velocity and possess impetus. This was based on an alternate description of atomism of the time period.

6. List of particles - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles

   A WISP (weakly interacting slender particle) is any one of a number of low mass particles that might explain dark matter (such as the axion) A GIMP (gravitationally interacting massive particle) is a particle which provides an alternative explanation of dark matter, instead of the aforementioned WIMP

7. Generation (particle physics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_(particle_physics)

   In particle physics, a generation or family is a division of the elementary particles. Between generations, particles differ by their flavour quantum number and mass, but their electric and strong interactions are identical. There are three generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics. Each generation contains two types of ...

8. Quark–gluon plasma - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark–gluon_plasma

   For relativistic matter, pressure and temperature are not independent variables, so the equation of state is a relation between the energy density and the pressure. This has been found through lattice computations, and compared to both perturbation theory and string theory. This is still a matter of active research.

9. Timeline of particle discoveries - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_particle...

   The discovery of these particles required very different experimental methods from that of their ordinary matter counterparts, and provided evidence that all particles had antiparticles—an idea that is fundamental to quantum field theory, the modern mathematical framework for particle physics. In the case of most subsequent particle ...