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  2. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  3. Rule 30 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_30

    Rule 30. A Conus textile shell similar in appearance to Rule 30. [1] Rule 30 is an elementary cellular automaton introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983. [2] Using Wolfram's classification scheme, Rule 30 is a Class III rule, displaying aperiodic, chaotic behaviour. This rule is of particular interest because it produces complex, seemingly random ...

  4. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    For any integer n, n ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if 3n + 1 ≡ 4 (mod 6). Equivalently, ⁠ n − 1 / 3 ⁠ ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if n ≡ 4 (mod 6). Conjecturally, this inverse relation forms a tree except for the 12–4 loop (the inverse of the 4–21 loop of the unaltered function f defined in the Statement of the problem section of ...

  5. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor. [ 1 ] For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0 ...

  6. Multiplicative order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_order

    The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ (n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U (n) or ...

  7. Social deduction game - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_deduction_game

    Other notable examples include Garry's Mod "Trouble in Terrorist Town" game mode, [6] Town of Salem, StarCraft II ' s Phantom Mode mod, [7] and Among Us. One important element of strategy in some social deduction games is determining how long to stick to one's story in the light of information obtained from other players. [8]

  8. Modular multiplicative inverse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_multiplicative_inverse

    However, the linear congruence 4x ≡ 6 (mod 10) has two solutions, namely, x = 4 and x = 9. The gcd(4, 10) = 2 and 2 does not divide 5, but does divide 6. Since gcd(3, 10) = 1, the linear congruence 3x ≡ 1 (mod 10) will have solutions, that is, modular multiplicative inverses of 3 modulo 10 will exist. In fact, 7 satisfies this congruence (i ...

  9. Perfect number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_number

    For instance, 6 has proper divisors 1, 2 and 3, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, so 6 is a perfect number. The next perfect number is 28, since 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28. The first four perfect numbers are 6, 28, 496 and 8128. [1] The sum of proper divisors of a number is called its aliquot sum, so a perfect number is one that is equal to its aliquot sum.