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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. [3] This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to transmit signals , resulting in a range of signs and symptoms , including physical, mental , and sometimes psychiatric problems.
Frequency. Up to 1 in 10,000 [ 1] Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders ( NMOSD) are a spectrum of autoimmune diseases characterized by acute inflammation of the optic nerve ( optic neuritis, ON) and the spinal cord ( myelitis ). [ 1][ 2][ 3] Episodes of ON and myelitis can be simultaneous or successive.
The Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is a method of quantifying disability in multiple sclerosis. [1] [2] The scale has been developed by John F. Kurtzke. [1] The EDSS is based on a neurological examination by a clinician. However, a number of versions have been developed which enable patient self-administration.
Multiple sclerosis can cause amaurosis fugax due to a unilateral conduction block, which is a result of demyelination and inflammation of the optic nerve, and "...possibly by defects in synaptic transmission and putative circulating blocking factors." [38] Migraine [39] Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension [40] Intracranial tumor [40 ...
Occipital neuralgia. Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a painful condition affecting the posterior head in the distributions of the greater occipital nerve (GON), lesser occipital nerve (LON), third occipital nerve (TON), or a combination of the three. It is paroxysmal, lasting from seconds to minutes, and often consists of lancinating pain that ...
Posterior cortical atrophy ( PCA ), also called Benson's syndrome, is a rare form of dementia which is considered a visual variant or an atypical variant of Alzheimer's disease (AD). [ 1][ 2][ 3] The disease causes atrophy of the posterior part of the cerebral cortex, resulting in the progressive disruption of complex visual processing. [ 4]
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ( FSGS) is a histopathologic finding of scarring (sclerosis) of glomeruli and damage to renal podocytes. [ 2][ 3] This process damages the filtration function of the kidney, resulting in protein presence in the urine due to protein loss. [ 3] FSGS is a leading cause of excess protein loss— nephrotic syndrome ...
Nearly 2.3 million people are estimated to be living with multiple sclerosis around the world, but when Montel Williams received his official diagnosis back in 1999, not much was known about the ...