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  2. Holliday junction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday_junction

    The Holliday junctions in homologous recombination are between identical or nearly identical sequences, leading to a symmetric arrangement of sequences around the central junction. This allows a branch migration process to occur where the strands move through the junction point. [ 1] Cleavage, or resolution, of the Holliday junction can occur ...

  3. Vertical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

    In microeconomics, management and international political economy, vertical integration, also referred to as vertical consolidation, is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products ...

  4. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...

  5. Dual inheritance theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory

    Dual inheritance theory ( DIT ), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, [ 1] was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution. Genes and culture continually interact in a feedback ...

  6. Vertical transmission - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_transmission

    Vertical transmission. Vertical transmission of symbionts is the transfer of a microbial symbiont from the parent directly to the offspring. [1] Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role. [1] A symbiont is acquired by a host via horizontal, vertical, or mixed transmission.

  7. Diel vertical migration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration

    Diel vertical migration ( DVM ), also known as diurnal vertical migration, is a pattern of movement used by some organisms, such as copepods, living in the ocean and in lakes. The adjective "diel" ( IPA: / ˈdaɪ.əl /, / ˈdiː.əl /) comes from Latin: diēs, lit. 'day', and refers to a 24-hour period. The migration occurs when organisms move ...

  8. Pathogen transmission - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen_transmission

    In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. [ 1 ] The term strictly refers to the transmission of microorganisms directly from one ...

  9. Stratification (vegetation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(vegetation)

    Stratification in the field of ecology refers to the vertical layering of a habitat; the arrangement of vegetation in layers. [ 1][ 2] It classifies the layers (sing. stratum, pl. strata) of vegetation largely according to the different heights to which their plants grow. The individual layers are inhabited by different animal [ 3] and plant ...