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Elements. The point group symmetry of a molecule is defined by the presence or absence of 5 types of symmetry element. Symmetry axis: an axis around which a rotation by. 360 ∘ n {\displaystyle {\tfrac {360^ {\circ }} {n}}} results in a molecule indistinguishable from the original. This is also called an n -fold rotational axis and abbreviated Cn.
In microeconomics, management and international political economy, vertical integration, also referred to as vertical consolidation, is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products ...
Visualizing a Fischer projection. In chemistry, the Fischer projection, devised by Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry.
Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...
In chemistry, a diagonal relationship is said to exist between certain pairs of diagonally adjacent elements in the second and third periods (first 20 elements) of the periodic table. These pairs ( lithium (Li) and magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be) and aluminium (Al), boron (B) and silicon (Si), etc.) exhibit similar properties; for example, boron ...
Molecular symmetry in physics and chemistry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in the application of Quantum Mechanics in physics and chemistry, for example it can be used to predict or explain many of a molecule's properties, such as its dipole moment and its allowed ...
Symmetry element. In chemistry and crystallography, a symmetry element is a point, line, or plane about which symmetry operations can take place. In particular, a symmetry element can be a mirror plane, an axis of rotation (either proper and improper), or a center of inversion. [ 1][ 2][ 3] For an object such as a molecule or a crystal, a ...
The terms horizontal (h) and vertical (v), and the corresponding subscripts, refer to the additional mirror plane, that can be parallel to the rotation axis (vertical) or perpendicular to the rotation axis (horizontal). The simplest nontrivial axial groups are equivalent to the abstract group Z 2: C i (equivalent to S 2) – inversion symmetry