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  2. Rotary kiln - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_kiln

    The rotary kiln was invented in 1873 by Frederick Ransome. [1] He filed several patents in 1885-1887, but his experiments with the idea were not a commercial success. Nevertheless, his designs provided the basis for successful kilns in the US from 1891, subsequently emulated worldwide.

  3. Expanded clay aggregate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate

    Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) or expanded clay (exclay) is a lightweight aggregate made by heating clay to around 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in a rotary kiln. The heating process causes gases trapped in the clay to expand, forming thousands of small bubbles and giving the material a porous structure.

  4. Waelz process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waelz_process

    The Waelz process is a method of recovering zinc and other relatively low boiling point metals from metallurgical waste (typically electric arc furnace flue dust) and other recycled materials using a rotary kiln (waelz kiln). The zinc enriched product is referred to as waelz oxide, and the reduced zinc by product as waelz slag.

  5. Cement kiln - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_kiln

    The trace elements (e.g., heavy metals) introduced into the burning process via the raw materials and fuels may evaporate completely or partially in the hot zones of the preheater and/or rotary kiln depending on their volatility, react with the constituents present in the gas phase, and condense on the kiln feed in the cooler sections of the ...

  6. Multiple hearth furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_hearth_furnace

    The multiple hearth furnaces consist of several circular hearths or kilns superimposed on each other. Material is fed from the top and is moved by the action of rotating "rabble arms", and the revolving mechanical rabbles attached to the arms move over the surface of each hearth to continuously shift the ore.

  7. Krupp–Renn process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp–Renn_Process

    View of the six rotary furnaces at the Essen–Borbeck direct reduction plant, c. 1964. The Krupp–Renn process was a direct reduction steelmaking process used from the 1930s to the 1970s. It used a rotary furnace and was one of the few technically and commercially successful direct reduction processes in the world, acting as an alternative to ...

  8. Lime kiln - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_kiln

    Rotary lime kiln (rust-colored horizontal tube at right) with preheater, Wyoming, 2010 Traditional lime kiln in Sri Lanka. A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate) to produce the form of lime called quicklime (calcium oxide). The chemical equation for this reaction is CaCO 3 + heat → CaO + CO 2

  9. File:IFR calculation.pdf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IFR_calculation.pdf

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