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In visual perception, flicker is a human-visible change in luminance of an illuminated surface or light source which can be due to fluctuations of the light source itself, or due to external causes such as due to rapid fluctuations in the voltage of the power supply (power-line flicker) or incompatibility with an external dimmer.
The original twinkle bulbs were C7½ and some C9¼ incandescent light bulbs with a bimetallic strip. Once the bulb warms up, the strip pulls slightly away from the contact, opening and interrupting the parallel circuit through the bulb and turning it off. The bulb then cools, allowing the strip to bend back and make contact again.
The requirements of a flicker measurement equipment are defined in the international electro-technical standard IEC 61000-4-15. [2]A flickermeter is composed of several function blocks which simulate a 230 V/60 W or a 120 V/60 W incandescent lamp (reference lamp) and the human perception system (eye-brain model).
Up to about 80 Hertz or the flicker fusion threshold it is called visible flicker. From about 80 Hertz to 2000 Hertz it is called the stroboscopic effect (this article). Overlapping in frequency, but from 80 Hertz up to about 6500 Hertz a third effect exists called the phantom array effect or the ghosting effect , an optical phenomenon caused ...
Different types of noise are generated by different devices and different processes. Thermal noise is unavoidable at non-zero temperature (see fluctuation-dissipation theorem), while other types depend mostly on device type (such as shot noise, [1] [3] which needs a steep potential barrier) or manufacturing quality and semiconductor defects, such as conductance fluctuations, including 1/f noise.
A street lamp mounted on a bracket and column A high pressure sodium street light fixture. Street light interference, sometimes called high voltage syndrome, is the claimed ability of individuals to turn street lights or outside building security lights on or off when passing near them. [1]
The flicker of a CRT monitor can cause various symptoms in those sensitive to it such as eye strain, headaches [9] in migraine sufferers, and seizures in epileptics. [10]As the flicker is most clearly seen at the edge of our vision there is no obvious risk in using a CRT, but prolonged use can cause a sort of retinal shock where the flickering is seen even when looking away from the monitor.
A light fixture (US English), light fitting (UK English), or luminaire is an electrical lighting device containing one or more light sources, such as lamps, and all the accessory components required for its operation to provide illumination to the environment. [1] All light fixtures have a fixture body and one or more lamps.