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  2. Cosmological argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument

    A cosmological argument can also sometimes be referred to as an argument from universal causation, an argument from first cause, the causal argument or the prime mover argument. The concept of causation is a principal underpinning idea in all cosmological arguments, particularly in affirming the necessity for a First Cause.

  3. Philosophical views of Bertrand Russell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_views_of...

    Aside from exposing a major inconsistency in naive set theory, Russell's work led directly to the creation of modern axiomatic set theory. It also crippled Frege's project of reducing arithmetic to logic. The Theory of Types and much of Russell's subsequent work have also found practical applications with computer science and information ...

  4. Kalam cosmological argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument

    In a 2020 interview, Craig proposed that the Kalam cosmological argument could be adapted to the B-theory of time by: [90] Abandoning the metaphysical argument against forming an actual infinity by successive addition. Modifying the causal premise (replacing its appeal to the concept of 'coming into being' with the concept of 'beginning to exist').

  5. Structuralism (philosophy of science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy...

    The philosophical concept of (scientific) structuralism is related to that of epistemic structural realism (ESR). [3] ESR, a position originally and independently held by Henri Poincaré (1902), [8] [9] Bertrand Russell (1927), [10] and Rudolf Carnap (1928), [11] was resurrected by John Worrall (1989), who proposes that there is retention of structure across theory change.

  6. The Problems of Philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Problems_of_Philosophy

    The Problems of Philosophy is a 1912 book by the philosopher Bertrand Russell, [1] in which the author attempts to create a brief and accessible guide to the problems of philosophy. He introduces philosophy as a repeating series of (failed) attempts to answer the same questions: Can we prove that there is an external world?

  7. Axiom of reducibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_reducibility

    [24] So given such an attitude, it is no surprise that Russell's theory of types comes under criticism: 3.33 In logical syntax the meaning of a sign ought never to play a role; it must admit of being established without mention being thereby made of the meaning of a sign; it ought to presuppose only the description of the expressions. 3.331

  8. Today’s NYT ‘Strands’ Hints, Spangram and Answers for ...

    www.aol.com/today-nyt-strands-hints-spangram...

    An example spangram with corresponding theme words: PEAR, FRUIT, BANANA, APPLE, etc. ... NYT Strands Spangram Answer Today. Today's spangram answer on Thursday, January 9, 2025, is TUNAFAMILY. ...

  9. Russell's teapot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell's_teapot

    Philosopher Peter van Inwagen argues that while Russell's teapot is a fine piece of rhetoric, its logical argument form is less than clear, and attempting to make it clear reveals that the teapot argument is very far from cogent. [8] Another philosopher, Alvin Plantinga, states that a falsehood lies at the heart of Russell's argument. Russell's ...