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The main source of polyphenols is dietary, since they are found in a wide array of phytochemical-bearing foods.For example, honey; most legumes; fruits such as apples, blackberries, blueberries, cantaloupe, pomegranate, cherries, cranberries, grapes, pears, plums, raspberries, aronia berries, and strawberries (berries in general have high polyphenol content [5]) and vegetables such as broccoli ...
Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants, such as cranberry, blueberry, and grape seeds. Chemically, they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. More complex polyphenols, having the same polymeric building block, form the group of condensed tannins.
Grape seed extract is an industrial derivative of whole grape seeds. The extract (GSPE) contains proanthocyanidins. [1] Grape seed extract quality is measured by the content of procyanidins which are formed from proanthocyanidins. [2] Generally, grape seed extract quality contains 95% procyanidins, but potency varies among products. [3]
Polyphenol compounds may interact with volatiles and contribute to the aromas in wine. [49] Although wine polyphenols are speculated to provide antioxidant or other benefits, there is little evidence that wine polyphenols actually have any effect in humans.
Polyphenols are a large, diverse group of compounds, making it difficult to determine their biological effects. [56] They are not considered nutrients, as they are not used for growth, survival or reproduction, nor do they provide dietary energy. Therefore, they do not have recommended daily intake levels, as exist for vitamins, minerals, and ...
The phenolic unit can be found dimerized or further polymerized, creating a new class of polyphenol. For example, ellagic acid is a dimer of gallic acid and forms the class of ellagitannins, or a catechin and a gallocatechin can combine to form the red compound theaflavin , a process that also results in the large class of brown thearubigins in ...
Even a minor disruption in any of the mechanisms of these enzymes by either genetic or environmental factors, would halt anthocyanin production. While the biological burden of producing anthocyanins is relatively high, plants benefit significantly from the environmental adaptation, disease tolerance, and pest tolerance provided by anthocyanins.
Natural phenols are a class of molecules found in abundance in plants. Many common foods contain rich sources of polyphenols which have antioxidant properties only in test tube studies. As interpreted by the Linus Pauling Institute, dietary polyphenols have little or no direct antioxidant food value following digestion. [7]