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Coxal gland and its components. The coxal gland is a gland found in some arthropods, for collecting and excreting urine. They are found in all arachnids (with the exception of some Acari), and in other chelicerates, such as horseshoe crabs. [1] The coxal gland is thought to be homologous with the antennal gland of crustaceans.
Antennae (sg.: antenna) (sometimes referred to as "feelers") are paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods. Antennae are connected to the first one or two segments of the arthropod head. They vary widely in form but are always made of one or more jointed segments.
The shrimp Palaemon serratus of the infraorder Caridea. A shrimp (pl.: shrimp or shrimps ()) is a crustacean (a form of shellfish) with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of the order Decapoda, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as "shrimp".
A pair of salivary glands secrete a digestive fluid into the mouth, and produce replacement stylets each time the animal moults. [3] Non-marine species have excretory Malpighian tubules where the intestine joins the hindgut. Some species have excretory or other glands between or at the base of the legs. [3]
Emotional pain is the pain experienced in the absence of physical trauma, for example, the pain experienced by humans after the loss of a loved one, or the break-up of a relationship. It has been argued that only mammals can feel "emotional pain", because they are the only animals that have a neocortex – a part of the brain's cortex ...
For example, when the body is hungry, the pleasure of rewarding food to one-self restores the body back to a balanced state of replenished energy. Like so, this can also be applied to pain, because the ability to perceive pain enhances both avoidance and defensive mechanisms that were, and still are, necessary for survival. [5]
Kliver that Arthropleura could not be an insect, arachnid, or myriapod, but instead that it was a non-decapod crustacean, comparing the appendages to those of branchiopods. Following authors tended to view Arthropleura in connection to isopods, some believing it represented a very primitive Eumalacostracan crusteacean.
Pain psychology involves the implementation of treatments for chronic pain. Pain psychology can also be regarded as a branch of medical psychology, as many conditions associated with chronic pain have significant medical outcomes. Untreated pain or ineffective treatment of pain can result in symptoms of anxiety and depression, thus it is vital ...