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In single seater, open wheel racing series such as Formula One and the IndyCar Series, as well as to a lesser extent in sports car racing, a technique known as slipstreaming is used. Along a long straight a car following close behind another uses the slipstream created by the lead car to close the gap between them, hoping to be able to overtake ...
Average full-size passenger cars have a drag area of roughly 8 sq ft (0.74 m 2). Reported drag areas range from the 1999 Honda Insight at 5.1 sq ft (0.47 m 2) to the 2003 Hummer H2 at 26.5 sq ft (2.46 m 2). The drag area of a bicycle (and rider) is also in the range of 6.5–7.5 sq ft (0.60–0.70 m 2). [5]
A cylinder with longitudinal draft Profile view of a drafted cylinder with the draft dimension. In engineering, draft is the amount of taper for molded or cast parts perpendicular to the parting line. It can be measured in degrees or mm/mm (in/in). Consider the fabrication of a hollow plastic box, without lid.
The slipping velocity (difference between the velocity of the car and the velocity of the tire in the contact point) will change very quickly and the model becomes a stiff system (a system whose eigenvalues differ a lot), which may require a special solver. The general form of the Magic Formula, given by Pacejka, is: [8]
Wheels can also lose traction when surface conditions reduce available traction such as on snow and ice. As an open differential delivers only enough torque to cause the "weakest" wheel to spin, if one drive wheel is stationary on a low traction surface (mud, ice, etc.), the deliverable torque is limited to the traction available on it.
In (automotive) vehicle dynamics, slip is the relative motion between a tire and the road surface it is moving on. This slip can be generated either by the tire's rotational speed being greater or less than the free-rolling speed (usually described as percent slip), or by the tire's plane of rotation being at an angle to its direction of motion (referred to as slip angle).
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In a direct drive simracing steering wheel system, the wheelbase and the wheel rim are typically separate, so that is possible to switch between rims according to the use case, for instance formula wheelrims, GT wheelrims, oval racing or truck wheel rims. The base and the rim are typically connected through a quick release system.