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Generally, if the function is any trigonometric function, and is its derivative, ∫ a cos n x d x = a n sin n x + C {\displaystyle \int a\cos nx\,dx={\frac {a}{n}}\sin nx+C} In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration .
These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
Sine integral in the complex plane, plotted with a variant of domain coloring. Cosine integral in the complex plane. Note the branch cut along the negative real axis. In mathematics, trigonometric integrals are a family of nonelementary integrals involving trigonometric functions.
The following is a list of indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) of expressions involving the inverse trigonometric functions. For a complete list of integral formulas, see lists of integrals. The inverse trigonometric functions are also known as the "arc functions". C is used for the arbitrary constant of integration that can only be ...
This article lists mathematical identities, that is, identically true relations holding in mathematics. Bézout's identity (despite its usual name, it is not, properly speaking, an identity) Binet-cauchy identity; Binomial inverse theorem; Binomial identity; Brahmagupta–Fibonacci two-square identity; Candido's identity; Cassini and Catalan ...
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In integral calculus, the tangent half-angle substitution is a change of variables used for evaluating integrals, which converts a rational function of trigonometric functions of into an ordinary rational function of by setting = .