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Strangles (also called equine distemper) is a contagious upper respiratory tract infection of horses and other equines caused by a Gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus equi. [1] As a result, the lymph nodes swell, compressing the pharynx , larynx , and trachea , and can cause airway obstruction leading to death, hence the name strangles. [ 2 ]
Symptoms of strangles, which is potentially fatal, include a high temperature, lethargy, loss of appetite and a lowered head and neck. It cannot be passed to humans. It cannot be passed to humans.
Horses that develop purpura haemorrhagica usually have a recent history of strangles (infection with Streptococcus equi subsp. equi) or vaccination (intramuscular or intranasal) for strangles. It is thought to be caused by an auto-immune reaction where antibodies against the S. equi M- or R-protein cross-react with proteins on endothelial cells .
The bacteria Streptococcus equi, the causative agent of strangles, is commonly involved. Mycotic infections can also occur. [5] Some visible symptoms of guttural pouch disease include abnormal head and neck carriage, nasal discharge, painful swelling and occasional abnormal functioning of the structures associated with the pouch. [5]
Signs and symptoms of PHF include acute-onset fever, depression (sometimes profound), inappetence, mild colic-like symptoms, decreased manure production, profuse watery non-fetid diarrhea endotoxemia, edema due to protein imbalances, abortion by pregnant mares, and acute laminitis (20 to 40 percent of cases).
The most common symptoms of EPM are ataxia, general weakness with muscle spasticity. However, this is not specific to EPM and is common in many other neurological disorders. Clinical signs among horses with EPM include a wide array of symptoms that may result from primary or secondary problems.
Stereotypic behavior in horses includes cribbing (a grunting noise as the horse grabs an object with its incisors), weaving (lateral swinging of the head, neck, and forequarters), and stall ...
A 2009 study of patients with heart disease symptoms found 31.3 per cent of middle-aged women “received a mental health condition as the most certain diagnosis”, compared to just 15.6 per cent ...