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C 4 carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants. It owes the names to the 1960s discovery by Marshall Davidson Hatch and Charles Roger Slack. [1] C 4 fixation is an addition to the ancestral and more common C 3 carbon fixation.
Therefore, most of nutrients remain in the water column, recycled by the biota. Heterotrophic organisms will utilize the materials produced by the autotrophic (and chemotrophic) organisms and via respiration will remineralise the compounds from the organic form back to inorganic, making them available for primary producers again.
Water carried into the mantle eventually returns to the surface in eruptions at mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. [131]: 646 Estimates of the amount of water in the mantle range from 1 ⁄ 4 to 4 times the water in the ocean. [131]: 630–634 The deep carbon cycle is the movement of carbon through the Earth's mantle and core.
Cordyline manners-suttoniae is an erect shrub growing to about 4 or 5 m (13 or 16 ft) tall, and may be single stemmed or branched. The large simple leaves are crowded at the ends of the branches. They may reach 65 cm (26 in) long and 12 cm (4.7 in) wide, and are arranged spirally around the stem.
Pages in category "Cordyline" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. ... This page was last edited on 4 April 2013, at 07:07 (UTC).
During the reduction half-cycle of the stochiometric cycle, the metal oxide is reduced and forms a new metal oxide with different oxidation states (Fe 3 O 4 → 3FeO + 1/2 O 2); a non-stochiometric cycle's reduction of the metal oxide will produce vacancies, often oxygen vacancies, but the crystal structure remains stable and only a portion of ...
Photons trapped by photosystem II move the system from state S 0 to S 1 to S 2 to S 3 and finally to S 4. S 4 reacts with water producing free oxygen: 2 H 2 O → O 2 + 4 H + + 4 e −. This conversion resets the catalyst to the S 0 state. The active site of the OEC consists of a cluster of manganese and calcium with the formula Mn 4 Ca 1 O x ...
Copper is recycled back to the mantle through subducting ocean crust. [1] As the Earth's crust weathers, soil and sediment is formed, and some copper is mobilized from freshwater to the ocean. [3] Copper in the soil is taken up by plants and then released back into the soil when the plants decompose.