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The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) was designed by William W. K. Zung M.D. (1929–1992) a professor of psychiatry from Duke University, to quantify a patient's level of anxiety. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The SAS is a 20-item self-report assessment device built to measure anxiety levels, based on scoring in 4 groups of manifestations: cognitive ...
These two methods can give very different results, since the patterns of scores within a country may be different from the average of the whole country sample. [6] To determine the factor structure of the SAS at the culture level Bond, Leung et al. (2004) collected and analyzed SAS scores from 41 cultures.
The scale is composed of 24 items divided into 2 subscales, 13 concerning performance anxiety, and 11 pertaining to social situations. The 24 items are first rated on a Likert Scale from 0 to 3 on fear felt during the situations, and then the same items are rated regarding avoidance of the situation. [7]
In 1993, Beck, Steer, and Beck used a three factor structure including subjective, somatic, and panic subscale scores to differentiate among a sample of clinically anxious outpatients [10] Because the somatic subscale is emphasized on the BAI, with 15 out of 21 items measuring physiological symptoms, perhaps the cognitive, affective, and ...
SAS code is provided as well. [6] An interesting point of the document is that physical health scores are counted negatively when calculating combined mental health scores and vice versa. In other words, to score highly on mental health it is better to have worse physical health and vice versa.
The score is calculated from ten yes/no questions, with points given for each affirmative answer as follows: [6] S: Male sex → 1; A: Age 15–25 or 59+ years → 1; D: Depression or hopelessness → 2; P: Previous suicidal attempts or psychiatric care → 1; E: Excessive ethanol or drug use → 1
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Scores are often given separately for the positive items, negative items, and general psychopathology. In their original publication on the PANSS scale, Stanley Kay and colleagues tested the scale on 101 adult patients (20-68 years-old) with schizophrenia [4] and the mean scores were, Positive scale = 18.20; Negative scale = 21.01