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The Upanishads (/ ʊ ˈ p ʌ n ɪ ʃ ə d z /; [1] Sanskrit: उपनिषद्, IAST: Upaniṣad, pronounced [ˈupɐniʂɐd]) are late Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" [2] and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.
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The text is one of the Vaishnava Upanishads, [8] completed before about 1500 CE, [9] and includes two verses called the Maha-mantra. [2] The modern era Kali-Santarana Upanishad is the earliest known Hindu text where this widely known mantra appears. [9] It was popularized by one of the Bhakti movement leaders Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in the 16th ...
A Vedic Word Concordance (Sanskrit: Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa) is a multi-volume concordance of the corpus of Vedic Sanskrit texts. It has been under preparation from 1930 and was published in 1935–1965 under the guidance of Viśvabandhu Śāstrī (1897–1973), with an introduction in Sanskrit and English.
The Devi Upanishad is part of the five Atharvashiras Upanishads important to Tantra and Shakta philosophy traditions. The Upanishad states that the Goddess is the Brahman (ultimate metaphysical Reality), and from her arise Prakṛti (matter) and Purusha (consciousness).
A Sanskrit text, it is one of eleven Yoga Upanishads attached to the Atharvaveda, [3] and one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four Vedas. [4] [5] It is listed at number 41 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads. [6]
The author and the century in which the Mahanarayana Upanishad was composed is unknown. The relative chronology of the text, based on its poetic verse and textual style, has been proposed by Parmeshwaranand to the same period of composition as Katha, Isha, Mundaka, and Shvetashvatara Upanishads, but before Maitri, Prashna, and Mandukya Upanishad. [12]
The Principal Upanishads, which were composed probably between 600 and 300 BCE, constitute the concluding portion of the Veda. [2] According to most Hinduism traditions, ten Upanishads are considered as Principal Upanishads, but some scholars now are including Śvetāśvatara, Kauṣītaki and Maitrāyaṇīya into the list.