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More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges.
Over time, with more clinical research, these recommended levels keep being reduced because LDL reduction, including to abnormally low levels, was the most effective strategy for reducing cardiovascular death rates in one large double blind, randomized clinical trial of men with hypercholesterolemia; [44] far more effective than coronary ...
Levels of LDL or non-HDL cholesterol both predict future coronary heart disease; which is the better predictor is disputed. [39] High levels of small dense LDL may be particularly adverse, although measurement of small dense LDL is not advocated for risk prediction. [39] In the past, LDL and VLDL levels were rarely measured directly due to cost.
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Cholesterol is tested to determine for "normal" or "desirable" levels if a person has a total cholesterol of 5.2 mmol/L or less (200 mg/dL), an HDL value of more than 1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL, "the higher, the better"), an LDL value of less than 2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), and a triglycerides level of less than 1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL).
[40] [41] LDL cholesterol transports cholesterol particles throughout the body, and can build up in the walls of the arteries, making them hard and narrow. [42] LDL cholesterol is produced naturally by the body, but eating a diet high in saturated fat, trans fats, and cholesterol can increase LDL levels. [43]
High cholesterol levels normally do not cause any symptoms. Yellow deposits of cholesterol-rich fat may be seen in various places on the body such as around the eyelids (known as xanthelasma palpebrarum), the outer margin of the iris (known as arcus senilis corneae), and in the tendons of the hands, elbows, knees, and feet, particularly the Achilles tendon (known as a tendon xanthoma).
Even people with very low LDL levels achieved by statin treatment are exposed to increased risk if their HDL levels are not high enough. [19] [non-primary source needed] Very high HDL-C levels (≥80 mg/dL in men, ≥100 mg/dL in women) appears to be detrimental to cardiovascular outcomes.