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risk averse (or risk avoiding) ... The reflection effect is an identified pattern of opposite preferences between negative as opposed to positive prospects: ...
Risk aversion is a preference for a sure outcome over a gamble with higher or equal expected value. Conversely, rejection of a sure thing in favor of a gamble of lower or equal expected value is known as risk-seeking behavior.
Equivalently, if the risk of an outcome is decreased by the exposure, the term absolute risk reduction (ARR) is used, and computed as . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The inverse of the absolute risk reduction is the number needed to treat , and the inverse of the absolute risk increase is the number needed to harm .
Optimism bias is typically measured through two determinants of risk: absolute risk, where individuals are asked to estimate their likelihood of experiencing a negative event compared to their actual chance of experiencing a negative event (comparison against self), and comparative risk, where individuals are asked to estimate the likelihood of experiencing a negative event (their personal ...
Daniel Ellsberg popularized the paradox in his 1961 paper, "Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axioms". [2] It is generally taken to be evidence of ambiguity aversion , in which a person tends to prefer choices with quantifiable risks over those with unknown, incalculable risks.
To investigate whether yogurt consumption affects colorectal cancer risk, the researchers in this study used data from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ...
Cowardice is a trait wherein excessive fear prevents an individual from taking a risk or facing danger. [1] [2] It is the opposite of courage. As a label, "cowardice" indicates a failure of character in the face of a challenge. One who succumbs to cowardice is known as a coward. [3]
A second smaller hole has also opened on the opposite side of the road [SURREY COUNTY COUNCIL] The evacuated properties were built about three years ago, on the site of a former sand quarry.