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An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR), also called immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction, is a life-threatening reaction to receiving a blood transfusion. AHTRs occur within 24 hours of the transfusion and can be triggered by a few milliliters of blood. The reaction is triggered by host antibodies destroying donor red blood cells.
It can occur due to a rapid transfusion of a large volume of blood but can also occur during a single red blood cell transfusion (about 15% of cases). [2] It is often confused with transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), another transfusion reaction.
If a person without a Kidd blood antigen (for example a Jka-Jkb+ patient) receives a Kidd antigen (Jka-antigen for example) in a red blood cell transfusion and forms an alloantibody (anti-Jka); upon subsequent transfusion with Jka-antigen positive red blood cells, the patient may have a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction as their anti-Jka antibody hemolyzes the transfused Jka-antigen ...
Rouleaux (singular is rouleau) are stacks or aggregations of red blood cells (RBCs) that form because of the unique discoid shape of the cells in vertebrates. The flat surface of the discoid RBCs gives them a large surface area to make contact with and stick to each other; thus forming a rouleau.
An allergic transfusion reaction is when a blood transfusion results in allergic reaction. It is among the most common transfusion reactions to occur. Reported rates depend on the degree of active surveillance versus passing reporting to the blood bank. [1] [2] Overall, they are estimated to complicate up to 3% of all transfusions. [3]
This image explains agglutination in the blood. Agglutination is the clumping of particles. The word agglutination comes from the Latin agglutinare (glueing to).. Agglutination is a reaction in which particles (as red blood cells or bacteria) suspended in a liquid collect into clumps usually as a response to a specific antibody.
The body has limited ways to store and remove iron. When red blood cells (RBCs) die, they are consumed by macrophages. Transfused RBCs have shorter lifespans that native ones, so they die and are consumed more frequently by the macrophages, which causes the latter to die from excess iron which is then released into the blood. [2]
Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR) is the most common type of transfusion reaction. It is a benign occurrence with symptoms that include fever but not directly related with hemolysis. [1] It is caused by cytokine release from leukocytes within the donor product as a consequence of white blood cell breakdown.