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In physics, the line of action (also called line of application) of a force (F→) is a geometric representation of how the force is applied. It is the straight line through the point at which the force is applied, and is in the same direction as the vector F→. [1][2] The concept is essential, for instance, for understanding the net effect of ...
Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, such ...
Lagrangian. [edit] Instead of forces, Lagrangian mechanics uses the energies in the system. The central quantity of Lagrangian mechanics is the Lagrangian, a function which summarizes the dynamics of the entire system. Overall, the Lagrangian has units of energy, but no single expression for all physical systems.
The standard model is a quantum field theory, meaning its fundamental objects are quantum fields, which are defined at all points in spacetime. QFT treats particles as excited states (also called quanta) of their underlying quantum fields, which are more fundamental than the particles. These fields are.
Einstein's geometrical argument for any gravitational theory reducing to special relativity was that, just as the curved lines of classical geometry became indistinguishable from segments of straight line as we zoomed in on them, so a classical curved spacetime theory of physics (general relativity) should reduce to a flat-spacetime theory ...
The equation = is an equation of a line in the projective plane (see definition of a line in the projective plane), and is called the line at infinity. The equivalence classes, , are the lines through the origin with the origin removed. The origin does not really play an essential part in the previous discussion so it can be added back in ...
Gauge fixing. In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations.
e. In geometry, a straight line, usually abbreviated line, is an infinitely long object with no width, depth, or curvature, an idealization of such physical objects as a straightedge, a taut string, or a ray of light. Lines are spaces of dimension one, which may be embedded in spaces of dimension two, three, or higher.