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The markka (Finnish: markka; Swedish: mark; sign: mk; ISO code: FIM), also known as the Finnish mark, was the currency of Finland from 1860 until 28 February 2002, when it ceased to be legal tender. The markka was divided into 100 pennies (Finnish: penni; Swedish: penni), abbreviated as "p". At the point of conversion, the rate was fixed at € ...
One reason for this was the devaluation of the Finnish markka which increased the value of the US dollar up by 39% against the Finnish markka. [37] International economy was stable in the 1960s. This trend can be seen in Finland as well, where steady growth of industrial output throughout the decade was recorded. [37]
A value chain is a progression of activities that a business or firm performs in order to deliver goods and services of value to an end customer. The concept comes from the field of business management and was first described by Michael Porter in his 1985 best-seller, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance.
Within global value chains, the distribution of returns between firms in the formal sector and women in the informal sector is disproportionate. In Zimbabwe's non-traditional agricultural exports value chains (NTAE), women accounted for only 12% of total costs while exporters accounted for 30% importers for 12% and retailers for 46% of costs. [32]
The Bank of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Pankki, Swedish: Finlands Bank) is the Finnish member of the Eurosystem and has been the monetary authority for Finland from 1865 to 1998, issuing the Finnish markka. It views itself as the fourth oldest surviving central bank in the world, after Sweden's Riksbank, the Bank of England, and the Bank of France ...
Global Value Chains and Development: Redefining the Contours of 21st Century Capitalism is a 2018 book by American economic sociologist and academic Gary Gereffi published by Cambridge University Press and part of their Development Trajectories in Global Value Chains series.[1] The book discusses the Global Value Chains (GVC) framework ...
Fjeldstad and Stabell [2] define a value network as one of three ways by which an organisation generates value. The others are the value shop and value chain. Their value networks consist of these components: customers; a service that enables interaction among them; an organization to provide the service. contracts that enable access to the service
A global production network is one whose interconnected nodes and links extend spatially across national boundaries and, in so doing, integrates parts of disparate national and subnational territories". [1] GPN frameworks combines the insights from the global value chain analysis, actor–network theory and literature on Varieties of Capitalism.