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The lower limit topology is finer (has more open sets) than the standard topology on the real numbers (which is generated by the open intervals). The reason is that every open interval can be written as a (countably infinite) union of half-open intervals. For any real and , the interval [,) is clopen in (i.e., both open and closed).
It is said left-open or right-open depending on whether the excluded endpoint is on the left or on the right. These intervals are denoted by mixing notations for open and closed intervals. [3] For example, (0, 1] means greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1, while [0, 1) means greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1. The half-open ...
In the branch of mathematics known as topology, the topologist's sine curve or Warsaw sine curve is a topological space with several interesting properties that make it an important textbook example. It can be defined as the graph of the function sin(1/ x ) on the half-open interval (0, 1], together with the origin, under the topology induced ...
[6] This potentially introduces new open sets: if V is open in the original topology on X, but isn't open in the original topology on X, then is open in the subspace topology on Y. As a concrete example of this, if U is defined as the set of rational numbers in the interval ( 0 , 1 ) , {\displaystyle (0,1),} then U is an open subset of the ...
The real line with its usual topology is a locally compact Hausdorff space; hence we can define a Borel measure on it. In this case, B ( R ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {B}}(\mathbb {R} )} is the smallest σ-algebra that contains the open intervals of R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } .
In topology, the Sorgenfrey plane is a frequently-cited counterexample to many otherwise plausible-sounding conjectures. It consists of the product of two copies of the Sorgenfrey line , which is the real line R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } under the half-open interval topology .
The given example sequence shows the importance of including the boundary points of the interval, since the limit points must be in the space itself — an open (or half-open) interval of the real numbers is not compact.
The standard topology on is generated by the open intervals. The set of all open intervals forms a base or basis for the topology, meaning that every open set is a union of some collection of sets from the base. In particular, this means that a set is open if there exists an open interval of non zero radius about every point in the set.