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Clozapine, sold under the brand name Clozaril among others, is a psychiatric medication and was the first atypical antipsychotic to be discovered. [6] It is primarily used to treat people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who have had an inadequate response to two other antipsychotics, or who have been unable to tolerate other drugs due to extrapyramidal side effects.
Clozapine N-oxide (CNO) is a synthetic drug used mainly in biomedical research as a ligand to activate Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs), [1] despite the initial belief that it was biologically inert.
The cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines can be classified into three categories: early, early onset chronic, and late onset chronic. Early cardiotoxicity is rare, but manifests as arrthymias, myocarditis, and pericarditis. This type of toxicity occurs directly after treatment with anthracycline.
Both clozapine and quetiapine appear to bind just long enough to elicit antipsychotic effects but not long enough to induce extrapyramidal side effects and prolactin hypersecretion. [ 175 ] 5-HT 2A antagonism increases dopaminergic activity in the nigrostriatal pathway , leading to a lowered extrapyramidal side effect liability among the ...
Since it is difficult to measure extrapyramidal symptoms, rating scales are commonly used to assess the severity of movement disorders. The Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) are rating scales frequently used for such assessment and are not weighted for diagnostic purposes ...
Tends to produce a moderate amount of sedation, less than clozapine and chlorpromazine but more than aripiprazole, amisulpride, paliperidone and sertindole and approximately that of quetiapine and risperidone. [3] Hyperprolactinemia elevated blood levels of the hormone, prolactin. Prolactin is one of the hormones that plays a key role in lactation.
N-Desmethylclozapine (NDMC), or norclozapine, is a major active metabolite of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine. [1] [2]Unlike clozapine, it possesses intrinsic activity at the D 2 /D 3 receptors, and acts as a weak partial agonist at these sites similarly to aripiprazole and bifeprunox. [3]
[8] [11] In contrast to the aforementioned drugs's potent, selective, and most importantly, full agonism (meaning the drug can fully activate the receptor to 100% of its activation potential, and does so even with minuscule amounts due to high potency, LSD, like the other "safe" psychedelics which are almost impossible to overdose fatally on ...