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Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. [ 3 ]
Acetyl-CoA is also a key molecule in the citric acid cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells and is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP.
It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humans from apes. [5] PGC-1α is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. [6] [7] [8] PGC-1α is also the primary regulator of liver gluconeogenesis, inducing increased gene expression for gluconeogenesis. [9]
A mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. [2]
Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis is essential for cellular respiration and mitochondrial biogenesis. [31] A role as a mediator in intracellular signal transduction is also assumed, as the levels of bioactive lipids, such as lysophospholipids and sphingolipids , correlate with mtFASII.
The amount of mitochondria per cell also varies by cell type, with some examples being: Erythrocytes: 0 mitochondria per cell. [1] Lymphocytes: 3 mitochondria per cell. [7] Egg cell: Mature metaphase II egg cells can contain 100,000 mitochondria, and 50,000–1,500,000 copies of the mitochondrial genome (corresponding to up to 90% of the egg ...
Mitogens can be either endogenous or exogenous factors. Endogenous mitogens function to control cell division is a normal and necessary part of the life cycle of multicellular organisms. For example, in zebrafish, an endogenous mitogen Nrg1 is produced in response to indications of heart damage. When it is expressed, it causes the outer layers ...
In mammals where two isoforms of ACC are expressed, the main structural difference between these isoforms is the extended ACC2 N-terminus containing a mitochondrial targeting sequence. [ 1 ] Crystallographic structures of E. coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase