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Inferior vena cava syndrome (IVCS) is a very rare constellation of symptoms resulting from either obstruction or stenosis of the inferior vena cava. It can be caused by physical invasion or compression by a pathological process, or by thrombosis within the vein itself. It can also occur during pregnancy. Symptoms including high venous pressure ...
Produces abdominal collateral veins to bypass the blocked inferior vena cava and permit venous return from the legs. Determine the direction of flow in the veins below the umbilicus. After pushing down on the prominent vein, blood will: flow toward the legs → caput medusae; flow toward the head → inferior vena cava obstruction.
[7] Intravascular stents are a treatment method for Congenital Stenosis of the Vena Cava. [8] Expandable metallic stents have been used as part of a procedure to dilate and maintain stenotic vena cava. [8] Experiments carried out on mongrel dogs resulted in some failures for dilation and early migration, and occlusion complications in patients.
Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline, drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical. On the right, the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly. [1] On the left, they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. [1]
The mortality rate is approximately 1 in 10. [1] An equivalent clot in the vasculature that exits the liver carrying deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the inferior vena cava, is known as hepatic vein thrombosis or Budd-Chiari syndrome. [2]
The left gonadal vein usually empties into (inferior aspect of) [2] the ipsilateral renal vein [2] [3]: 1144 proximally to where the renal vein crossing over the aorta. [ 2 ] The right gonadal vein typically empties directly into the (right anterolateral aspect of) inferior vena cava , joining it at an acute angle, some 2 cm inferior to the ...
Non-developmental syndromes also directly or indirectly affect the Great Cerebral Vein of Galen, although they are extremely rare. These include superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), and thrombosis of the lateral sinus, superior sagittal sinus, internal jugular vein, or of the Great Cerebral Vein of Galen itself. [citation needed]
Dilated submucosal veins are the most prominent histologic feature of esophageal varices. The expansion of the submucosa leads to elevation of the mucosa above the surrounding tissue, which is apparent during endoscopy and is a key diagnostic feature. Evidence of recent variceal hemorrhage includes necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa.