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Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer; Polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE), the third generation of high-performance superplasticizer, [9] follows the development of ordinary plasticizers and superplasticizers. It significantly reduces water content while enhancing concrete's workability, strength, and durability.
Water reducers are special chemical products added to a concrete mixture before it is poured. They are from the same family of products as retarders.The first class of water reducers was the lignosulfonates which has been used since the 1930s.
The long molecules wrap themselves around the cement particles, giving them a highly negative charge so that they repel each other. Polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer (PCE) or just polycarboxylate (PC), work differently from sulfonate-based superplasticizers, giving cement dispersion by steric stabilisation. This form of dispersion is more ...
Of commercial importance are the alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, which are used as superplasticizers in concrete. They are produced on a large scale by condensation of naphthalenesulfonate or alkylnaphthalenesulfonates with formaldehyde. [1] [2] Examples include: amaranth dye; amido black; armstrong's acid; congo red; Evans blue; suramin; trypan blue
Melamine also is used in the fabrication of melamine polysulfonate, used as a superplasticizer for making high-resistance concrete. Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF) is a polymer used as a cement admixture to reduce the water content in concrete while increasing the fluidity and the workability of the mix during handling and pouring. It ...
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Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [1] and is the most widely used building material. [2] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined. [3]