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2. Fisheye lens - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye_lens

   A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. [4][5]: 145 Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens. Instead of producing images with straight lines of perspective (rectilinear images), fisheye lenses use ...

3. Luneburg lens - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luneburg_lens

   A Luneburg lens (original German Lüneburg lens) is a spherically symmetric gradient-index lens. A typical Luneburg lens's refractive index n decreases radially from the center to the outer surface. They can be made for use with electromagnetic radiation from visible light to radio waves. For certain index profiles, the lens will form perfect ...

4. History of photographic lens design - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photographic...

   Reversed achromatic lens. Charles Chevalier's Paris optical firm produced lenses for both Niépce and Daguerre for their experiments in photography.In 1829 [3] [citation needed], Chevalier created an achromatic lens (a two-element lens made from crown glass and flint glass) to cut down on chromatic aberration for Daguerre's experiments.

5. Gradient-index optics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient-index_optics

   A gradient-index lens with a parabolic variation of refractive index (n) with radial distance (x). The lens focuses light in the same way as a conventional lens. Gradient-index (GRIN) optics is the branch of optics covering optical effects produced by a gradient of the refractive index of a material. Such gradual variation can be used to ...

6. Peephole - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peephole

   Peephole. A peephole, peekhole, spyhole, doorhole, magic eye, magic mirror or door viewer is a small, round opening through a door from which a viewer on the inside of a dwelling may "peek" to see directly outside the door. The lenses are made and arranged in such a way that viewing is only possible in one direction.

7. Distortion (optics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(optics)

   Fisheye lenses are wide-angle lenses with heavy barrel distortion and thus exhibit both these phenomena, so objects in the center of the image (if shot from a short distance) are particularly enlarged: even if the barrel distortion is corrected, the resulting image is still from a wide-angle lens, and will still have a wide-angle perspective.