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Petroleum [a] is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons, [1] and is found in geological formations. The term petroleum refers both to naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil, as well as to petroleum products that consist of refined crude oil.
Crop oils are composed primarily of paraffin or naphtha-based petroleum oil and crop oil concentrates are composed of emulsifiable petroleum-based oil. [ 2 ] The addition of a surfactant and/or emulsifier is commonly added in order to increase spray dispersal and uptake by both plant and insect hosts in pesticides and herbicides.
Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure organic compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. [1] Most petroleum is converted into petroleum products, which include several classes of fuels. [2]
Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials , such as zooplankton and algae , which geochemical processes convert into oil. [ 8 ]
The vast majority of hydrocarbons found on Earth occur in crude oil, petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Since thousands of years they have been exploited and used for a vast range of purposes. [12] Petroleum (lit. ' rock oil ') and coal are generally thought to be products of decomposition of organic matter. Coal, in contrast to petroleum, is ...
Recycled oil has numerous uses, including use as a direct fuel, as well as in the production of biodiesel, livestock feed, pet food, soap, detergent, cosmetics, and industrial chemicals. Since 2002, an increasing number of European Union countries have prohibited the inclusion of recycled vegetable oil from catering in animal feed.
Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and storage of crude, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various end products. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, making it a critical ...
Different classes of potential conventional crude oil reserves include crude oil with 90% certainty of being technically able to be produced from reservoirs (through a wellbore using primary, secondary, improved, enhanced, or tertiary methods); all crude with a 50% probability of being produced in the future (probable); and discovered reserves ...