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The mean chain length of an entire web is the arithmetic average of the lengths of all chains in a food web. [42] [14] In a simple predator-prey example, a deer is one step removed from the plants it eats (chain length = 1) and a wolf that eats the deer is two steps removed from the plants (chain length = 2).
The length of the chain, or trophic level, is a measure of the number of species encountered as energy or nutrients move from plants to top predators. [179] Food energy flows from one organism to the next and to the next and so on, with some energy being lost at each level.
Botany – study of plants. Economic botany – study of relationship between people and plants, including the practical uses of plants; Ethnobotany – study of a region's plants and their usage by people; Photobiology – scientific study of the interactions of light (technically, non-ionizing radiation) and living organisms. The field ...
Amphibians are ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates that do not maintain their body temperature through internal physiological processes. Their metabolic rate is low and as a result, their food and energy requirements are limited. In the adult state, they have tear ducts and movable eyelids, and most species have ears that can detect airborne ...
Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants. Originally, it included plant morphology , the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century, plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure.
The two-part beak of the giant squid, Architeuthis sp. All living cephalopods have a two-part beak; [12]: 7 most have a radula, although it is reduced in most octopus and absent altogether in Spirula. [12]: 7 [98]: 110 They feed by capturing prey with their tentacles, drawing it into their mouth and taking bites from it. [25]
Great apes derive significant amounts of phytanic acid from the hindgut fermentation of plant materials. [5] Monogastrics cannot digest the fiber molecule cellulose as efficiently as ruminants, though the ability to digest cellulose varies amongst species. [2] A monogastric digestive system works as soon as the food enters the mouth.
In the diamondback moth, antennae serve to gather information about a host plant's taste and odor. After the desired taste and odor has been identified, the female moth will deposit her eggs onto the plant. [17] Giant swallowtail butterflies also rely on antenna sensitivity to volatile compounds to identify host plants. It was found that ...